This UNESCO site in Spain protects vital wetlands, Mediterranean scrubland, and coastal dunes. Home to flamingos, endangered Iberian lynx, and over 300 bird species.
Doñana National Park in southwestern Spain protects one of Europe's largest wetlands at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. This UNESCO World Heritage site encompasses marshes, Mediterranean scrubland, and coastal dunes. You can observe flamingos in the marshes, walk through pine forests, and relax on 38 km of undeveloped coastline. With strictly controlled access, Doñana maintains unspoiled nature in the heart of Andalusia.
Ecosystems
Doñana National Park contains three main ecosystems. Extensive marshlands flood seasonally, creating vital habitat for waterfowl and other aquatic species. Mediterranean scrubland known as matorral covers much of the higher ground, dotted with cork oaks and wild olive trees. Along the coast, mobile dune systems shift with the winds, burying pine groves in their path. This variety of landscapes supports a wide range of plant and animal life within a relatively small area.
Wildlife Watching
Over 300 bird species have been recorded in Doñana, making it a crucial stopover for birds migrating between Europe and Africa. Thousands of flamingos, geese, and ducks winter in the marshes. The park also provides refuge for some of Europe's most endangered species. If you're patient, you might see the Iberian lynx or spot the Spanish imperial eagle in flight. Other animals you may encounter include fallow deer, wild boar, European badgers, and the rare Spanish pond turtle.
Visitor Access
To protect its fragile ecosystems, much of Doñana National Park remains off-limits to visitors. However, you can explore several visitor centers with exhibits and walking trails. The El Acebuche center provides an excellent introduction, with boardwalks winding through lagoons and pine forest. For a more immersive experience, you can join guided 4x4 tours that take small groups into restricted areas to view wildlife up close. Boat trips along the Guadalquivir River offer another way to see the park's landscapes and birdlife.
When to Visit
Spring and fall have the most comfortable weather for exploring Doñana, along with peak bird migrations. In winter, the marshes are at their fullest, attracting large flocks of waterfowl. Summer can be hot, with many areas drying out. However, beaches remain popular and some species like flamingos gather in greater numbers as water levels drop. No matter the season, you'll have the best chance of seeing wildlife in the early morning and late afternoon when animals are most active.
Conservation Challenges
While Doñana's core remains well-preserved, the park faces ongoing threats. Water extraction for agriculture has impacted the natural flooding cycles of the marshes. Nearby strawberry farms contribute to groundwater depletion and pesticide runoff. Conservation efforts focus on restoring natural water flows and working with local communities to promote sustainable practices. The park management has implemented strict regulations on water use and is working to remove non-native species that threaten native ecosystems. Ongoing research helps monitor the health of key species and habitats. You can support these initiatives by respecting park rules and choosing eco-friendly tour operators.
