Founded in the 9th century, this ancient Russian city has a rich history as the first capital of Rus. Its Kremlin and medieval churches showcase centuries-old architecture.
Veliky Novgorod, one of Russia's oldest cities, sits along the Volkhov River about 190 km southeast of St. Petersburg. This ancient city played a crucial role in the foundation of the Russian state. You can explore the imposing Novgorod Kremlin with its 15-meter high "Millennium of Russia" monument, admire the intricate frescoes in the 11th-century St. Sophia Cathedral, and examine centuries-old birch bark documents at the city's museums.
Exploring the Novgorod Kremlin
The Novgorod Kremlin, also known as Detinets, forms the heart of the city. This fortress dates back to the 11th century, making it the oldest surviving kremlin in Russia. As you walk through its red brick walls, you'll encounter several significant structures. The St. Sophia Cathedral, built between 1045 and 1050, is the oldest church in Russia and contains well-preserved 11th-century frescoes. The "Millennium of Russia" monument, erected in 1862, commemorates a thousand years of Russian history. This 15-meter high bronze monument depicts key figures and events from Russia's past, including 129 historical figures.
Yaroslav's Courtyard and Ancient Churches
Cross the footbridge over the Volkhov River from the kremlin to reach Yaroslav's Courtyard. This area once served as Novgorod's main marketplace and retains several ancient churches. The St. Nicholas Cathedral, dating from 1113, is the oldest structure in the courtyard. You can also see the Church of St. Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, built in the 13th century. The arcade of the former marketplace still stands along the riverside, giving you a sense of the area's commercial past.
Museums and Cultural Heritage
Veliky Novgorod houses several museums that showcase its rich history. The Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve, located within the kremlin, displays an extensive collection of icons, medieval artifacts, and birch bark documents. These ancient texts, preserved in Novgorod's soil, provide insights into everyday life in medieval Russia. They include personal letters, business contracts, and even children's drawings and school exercises, dating from the 11th to 15th centuries. The open-air Museum of Wooden Architecture "Vitoslavlitsy" showcases wooden buildings from the 14th to 19th centuries, relocated from around the Novgorod region.
Historical Significance
Veliky Novgorod's history stretches back over 1,150 years. The city was first mentioned in chronicles from 859 AD and became the seat of Prince Rurik in 862, marking the symbolic beginning of Russian statehood. For centuries, Novgorod functioned as a major center of trade and culture. The city was part of the Hanseatic League and served as a vital link between medieval Russia and Europe. Novgorod maintained a form of self-governance known as the Novgorod Republic, with an elected assembly called the Veche, until its annexation by Moscow in 1478.
Getting There and Around
You can reach Veliky Novgorod by train from both Moscow and St. Petersburg. The journey from St. Petersburg takes about 3 hours on the fast Lastochka train, which departs twice daily: at 7:00 AM and 7:30 PM. A one-way ticket costs around 800 rubles. Once in the city, many of the main sights are within walking distance of each other. The city also has a network of buses and trolleybuses for getting around. You can rent a bike to explore the city and its surroundings at a leisurely pace.
Local Food and Drink
While exploring Veliky Novgorod, try some local specialties. The city is known for its hearty soups, including shchi (cabbage soup) and ukha (fish soup). Pike, a common fish in local waters, often appears in various dishes. Try medovukha, a traditional honey-based alcoholic drink. For souvenirs, look for local gingerbread or products from the Krestetsky Linen Factory, known for its high-quality textiles.
