One of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities, dating back 8,000 years. The ancient citadel sits on a mound above modern streets lined with shops and cafes.
Erbil, one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities, is the capital of Iraq's Kurdistan Region. At its center, a 30-meter-high citadel contains remnants of 7,000 years of urban life. You can walk through the yellow-brick passages of Qaysari Bazaar, climb the 36-meter Mudhafaria Minaret, or spend an evening in Ankawa, where more than 40 churches share streets with restaurants and cafes.
Exploring the Ancient Citadel
The Citadel sits on an artificial mound in the city center. At this UNESCO World Heritage site, you can visit the Kurdish Textile Museum to see intricate carpets and regional fabrics. Archaeologists have found evidence of an ancient temple to Ishtar beneath the current buildings. The narrow streets lead past Kurdish brick houses with interior courtyards, though restoration work limits access to many buildings.
Getting Around Erbil
You can fly to Erbil International Airport from major cities in Europe and the Middle East. In the city, taxis are your main transport option, as public buses run limited routes. You can walk around the central Citadel area, but you'll need taxis for distances beyond the center.
Markets and Shopping
Qaysari Bazaar extends from the Citadel's southern gate, where merchants sell goods in yellow brick passages. You'll find spices, Kurdish clothing, carpets, and gold jewelry. For contemporary shopping, head to Majidi Mall, which has international retail chains and local shops.
Ankawa District
In northern Erbil, the Ankawa neighborhood has a large Christian population and dozens of churches ranging from centuries-old to modern buildings. After sunset, its streets fill with people dining at restaurants and meeting at bars.
Local Food Scene
Kurdish cooking focuses on grilled meats, fresh vegetables, and flatbreads. On Iskan Street after midnight, you'll find many kebab shops serving local dishes. Street food vendors sell shawarma, falafel, dolma (stuffed grape leaves), and biryani (a layered rice dish).
Climate and Timing Your Visit
Summer temperatures reach 40°C (104°F), while winters are mild with rain. Plan your visit during March-May or September-November when temperatures are moderate. January has the most rainfall, and summer months are typically dry.
